Mapping and Monitoring Spatio-Temporal Patterns of Rainfed Agriculture Lands of North Darfur State, Sudan, Using Earth Observation Data

Rainfed agriculture in Northern Darfur is influenced by erratic seasonal and decadal rainfall patterns frequent droughts. Understanding the spatio-temporal variation rainfed crucial for promoting food security, socio-economic stability protecting vulnerable ecosystem. This study aimed to investigate dynamics of North State from 1984–2019 using multitemporal Landsat observation data. Using random forest technique, images were classified into common land use/land cover classes on goz (sandy) wadi (seasonal river) lands. Overall accuracies assessed a confusion matrix. matrix has ranging between 94.7% 96.9%, while kappa statistics greater than 0.90. The results showed that high spatial variability used increased (889,622.46 ha) over 1994–1999, it decreased (658,568.61 2004–2009 south 232.9 mm isohyet. cultivation lands expanded significantly (580,515.03 2014–2019 (182,701.8 especially 362.8–477.2 isohyets (beyond climate-adapted 500 isohyet agronomic dry limit). These trends need further investigation as they may exacerbate both regional degradation disputes among farmers scarce provides essential data which are lacking owing ongoing conflicts; this can help decision-makers formulate sustainable use monitoring systems.